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%\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{Ralf Kotulla}
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%% %\fancyhead[C]{Ralf Kotulla: Modeling explosive transient populations}
%% \fancyhead[L]{Scientific Data Processing \& Visualization in the cloud}
%% \fancyhead[R]{Ralf Kotulla: CIF21 DIBBs}














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\fancyhead[L]{Astronomy 103 - Midterm 1}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{center}
\large\bf Astronomy 103 \medbreak Midterm 1 \medbreak  October 1, 2014
\end{center}


%\bigskip
%{\bf Solutions: correct answers are marked in bold, red type.}

\bigskip
{\bf Instructions:  } 

{\bf No books, notes or calculator are allowed.} You have 50 minutes to complete the exam, and please do not turn to the next page until instructed to do so.

\bigskip
{\bf You may find the following information helpful:}

\begin{itemize}
\item{1 AU $=3\times10^8$ km}\\

\item{speed of light $c=3\times10^5$ km/s}\\

\item{Kepler's 3rd law: 
\[
a^3 = P^2 
\]
with the period $P$ in years and semi-major axis $a$ in AU.}\\

\item{Newton's law of gravity:
\[
F = \frac{GMm}{r^2}
\]}\\

\item{Peak wavelength and temperature of blackbody radiation:
\[
\lambda = \frac{3\times10^6}{T} \mbox{ nm}
\]
with wavelength $\lambda$ in nm (1 nm = $10^{-9}$ m) and temperature $T$ in
Kelvin.}\\

\item{Relationship between frequency $f$ and wavelength $\lambda$ of light:
\[
\lambda = \frac{c}{f}
\]}
\end{itemize}

\newpage



\begin{enumerate}[label=\arabic*.~, leftmargin=2em, itemsep=3ex]

\item The distance from Milwaukee to Seattle is about 3,000 km. What is the distance
in meters?
\begin{enumerate}
\item $3$ m 
\item $3 \times 10^3$ m 
\item $3 \times 10^5$ m
\correctitem{$3 \times 10^6$ m}
\item $3 \times 10^8$ m
\end{enumerate}




\item Evaluate $3\times10^4 ~~\times~~  2\times10^7$
\begin{enumerate}
\item $5\times10^{11}$ 
\correctitem{$6\times10^{11}$ }
\item $5\times10^{28}$ 
\item $6\times10^{28}$
\end{enumerate}





\item A cheetah runs in a straight line at 20 m/s (meters per second)  How many
  meters can it travel in 5 seconds?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  4 meters 
\item  5 meters 
\item  40 meters 
\item  50 meters 
\correctitem{100 meters }
\end{enumerate}



\item The Earth revolves around the Sun once each
\begin{enumerate}
\item  day 
\item  month 
\correctitem{  year}
\end{enumerate}





\item The average temperature is hotter in summer than winter. This is
  ultimately caused by
\begin{enumerate}
\item  the greenhouse effect that warms the Earth by trapping infrared radiation. 
\item  the fact that the Earth is closer to the Sun in summer. 
\correctitem{  the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the Earth's orbit. }
\item  the fact that the Sun emits more energy per second in the summer than it does in the winter
\end{enumerate}





\item Describe the daily motion of Polaris:\enlargethispage{2em}
\begin{enumerate}
\item  It rises due east and sets due west once in every 24-hour period. 
\correctitem{  It stays nearly fixed in the northern sky above our North Pole.}
\item  It rises due west and sets due east once in every 24-hour period. 
\item  It moves eastward by slightly less than 1 degree per day.
\end{enumerate}





\item How many days during each year is the Sun directly over the equator?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  1 
\correctitem{  2 }
\item  182 or 183 
\item  365 
\end{enumerate}





\item The shortest night in Milwaukee is on
\begin{enumerate}
\item  the winter solstice 
\item  the spring equinox 
\item  the autumn equinox 
\correctitem{  the summer solstice}
\end{enumerate}





\item Where on Earth are you if Polaris is on your horizon? 
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  north pole 
\item  south pole 
\item  Tropic of Cancer 
\item  Tropic of Capricorn 
\correctitem{  equator}
\end{enumerate}





\item A rover exploring a planet rolls north from the equator to a point whose latitude is 45 degrees north. If the rover has traveled 1,000 km, what is the circumference of the planet?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  450 km 
\item  1,000 km 
\item  2,000 km 
\item  4,000 km 
\correctitem{  8,000 km }
\end{enumerate}






\item You are on the asteroid Willis. (Asteroids are very small rocky planets.) You start from one pole of Willis and walk without turning until you reach a place where the stars appear to move in horizontal circles, never rising or setting. If you have walked 50 km, what is the circumference of Willis in km?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  25 km 
\item  50 km 
\correctitem{  100 km }
\item  200 km 
\item  400 km  
\end{enumerate}





\item If the Moon's orbit were exactly in the plane of the Earth's orbit about the Sun, one would expect an eclipse of the Moon to occur about once every
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  week 
\item  2 weeks 
\correctitem{  month }
\item  year 
\item  never
\end{enumerate}





\item At full moon, as seen from the Earth, the Moon lies
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  opposite the Sun }
\item  90 degrees east of the Sun 
\item  90 degrees west of the sun 
\item  close to the Sun in the sky
\end{enumerate}





\item There is an eclipse on a day when the Moon rises at 6 pm.  Is it an eclipse of the Sun or of the Moon?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  Sun 
\correctitem{  Moon }
\item  It is not possible to have an eclipse when the Moon rises at 6 pm
\end{enumerate}





\item If the Moon rises at 4 am, what is its phase?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  new 
\item  waxing crescent 
\correctitem{  waning crescent }
\item  waxing gibbous 
\item  waning gibbous
\end{enumerate}





\item What causes the Moon's phases?
\begin{enumerate}

\item  The Earth's shadow covers part of the Moon. 
\correctitem{  As the Moon orbits the Earth, the part of the Moon that is lit is a changing fraction of the part that faces the Earth. }
\item  Depending on where the Moon is in its orbit, light from the Sun lights up a larger or smaller part of the Moon's surface. 
\item  The Earth interferes with the Sun's rays in a way that depends on where the Moon is in its orbit. 
\item  None of the above
\end{enumerate}





\item A confused polar bear wakes up 15$^{\circ}$ south of the North Pole on December 22.  She looks up and sees Polaris:
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  15$^{\circ}$ from zenith }
\item  directly overhead 
\item  75$^{\circ}$ from zenith 
\item  she doesn't see it because the sun is out
\end{enumerate}





\item Pluto's orbit about the Sun has what shape?
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  ellipse }
\item  circle 
\item  parabola 
\item  hyperbola 
\item  straight line
\end{enumerate}





\item From the following names, who first discovered the moons of Jupiter?
\begin{enumerate}
\item  Eratosthenes 
\item  Newton 
\item  Ptolemy 
\item  Copernicus 
\correctitem{  Galileo }
\end{enumerate}





\item From the following names, who first found that gravity could account for the motion of the planets? 
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  Ptolemy 
\item  Copernicus 
\correctitem{  Newton }
\item  Galileo 
\item Eratosthenes   
\end{enumerate}






\item The apparent retrograde motion of Jupiter is caused by the:
\begin{enumerate}
\item  real motion of Jupiter's moons 
\item  real motion of Jupiter along its epicycle 
\correctitem{  real revolution of the Earth about the Sun }
\item  real motion of our Moon
\end{enumerate}




\pagebreak
\item A planet in the solar system whose period is 1 year is what distance from the Sun?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  12 AU 
\item  8 AU 
\item  2 AU 
\correctitem{  1 AU}
\end{enumerate}





\item The force on a particle traveling at constant speed in a circle points
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  away from the center of the circle 
\item  tangent to the circle 
\correctitem{  toward the center of the circle }
\item  there is no force since the particle is traveling at constant speed 
\end{enumerate}





\item Which of the following objects has an apparent motion with retrograde loops?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  the Sun 
\item  the Moon 
\item  Polaris 
\correctitem{  none of these }
\item  all of these
\end{enumerate}





\item The Earth moves fastest in its orbit when it is
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  closest to the Sun }
\item  farthest from the Sun 
\item  the speed is constant
\end{enumerate}






\item A rock is in circular orbit about the Sun with a radius 4 AU.  What is its period?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  1/16 year 
\item  1 year 
\item  2 years 
\item  4 years 
\correctitem{  8 years}
\end{enumerate}





\newpage
\item The ice planet Hoth has the same radius as the earth but has only half the Earth's mass.  If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, how many pounds would you weigh on Hoth?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  25 
\correctitem{  50 }
\item  100 
\item  200 
\item  400
\end{enumerate}






\item You are in a spacecraft orbiting 1,000 km above the surface of a planet that is 1,000 km in radius. How strong is the force of gravity on your spacecraft compared to its force on the surface of the planet?
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  4 times weaker }
\item  2 times weaker 
\item  the same 
\item  2 times stronger 
\item  4 times stronger 
\end{enumerate}






\item Which of the following objects can never be seen in an opposite direction in the sky from the Sun?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  The Moon 
\item  Mars 
\correctitem{  Mercury }
\item  Jupiter
\end{enumerate}






\item A comet orbits the Sun with a period of 1,000 years. What is the semi-major axis of its orbit in AU?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  1 AU 
\item  10 AU 
\correctitem{  100 AU }
\item  1,000 AU 
\item  10,000 AU
\end{enumerate}





\item In the Copernican system, the apparent size of Venus is largest when its phase is
\begin{enumerate}  
\correctitem{  crescent }
\item  gibbous 
\item  full  
\item  The apparent size of Venus never changes.
\end{enumerate}





\item The planet Mote Prime has 2 times the radius of Earth, but has the same mass.  If you weigh 20 pounds on Mote Prime, how many pounds would you weigh on Earth?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  5 pounds 
\item  10 pounds 
\item  20 pounds 
\item  40 pounds 
\correctitem{  80 pounds}
\end{enumerate}





\item The planet Beylix has the same mass as the Earth but only half the radius. A large cat weighs 50 pounds on Earth; how much does it weigh on Beylix?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  25 pounds 
\item  50 pounds 
\item  100 pounds 
\correctitem{  200 pounds }
\item  400
  pounds 
\end{enumerate}





\item The absorption lines of helium have the same wavelength as its emission lines.
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  true }
\item  false
\end{enumerate}





\item Match each action of an electron in an atom to its corresponding process.
\begin{enumerate}[label=\Alph*]
\item  an electron jumps to a lower energy level 
\item  an electron
  leaves its atom 
\item  an electron jumps to a higher energy level and 
\end{enumerate}
and
\begin{enumerate}[label=\arabic*]
\item atom is ionized
\item atom absorbs light
\item atom emits light 
\end{enumerate}
 \medbreak

\begin{enumerate}
\item  A and 1, B and 2, C and 3 
\item  A and 2, B and 1, C and 3 
\item  A and 2, B and 3, C and 1 
\item  A and 3, B and 2, C and 1 
\correctitem{  A and 3, B and 1, C and 2 }
\end{enumerate}





\newpage
\item What is the wavelength of light with a frequency of 3 MHz? (3 MHz = 3 megahertz = $3\times10^6$ waves per second.)
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  0.1 m 
\item  1 m 
\item  10 m 
\correctitem{  100 m }
\item  1,000 m 
\end{enumerate}






\item When an electron emits light, it moves
\begin{enumerate} 
 
\correctitem{  closer to the nucleus }
\item  further from the nucleus
\end{enumerate}





\item When an object is heated, the light it emits is:
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  brighter and with longer average wavelength 
\item  dimmer and with longer average wavelength 
\correctitem{  brighter and with shorter average wavelength }
\item  dimmer and with shorter average wavelength
\end{enumerate}



\item An element can be identified by looking at its:
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  spectral lines }
\item  continuous spectrum 
\item  temperature 
\item  gamma-ray bursts
\end{enumerate}



\item When a light source moves away from you, the wavelength of the light you see is:
\begin{enumerate} 
\correctitem{  longer }
\item  shorter 
\item  the same length
\end{enumerate}

\item Aldebaran is a red star, while the Sun's peak wavelength is in the green part of the visible spectrum. (The Sun's blue light is scattered by the air, giving us a blue sky and leaving the Sun looking yellow.) Compared to the Sun's surface, Aldebaran's surface is
\begin{enumerate}  
\item  hotter 
\correctitem{  cooler }
\item  the same 
\item  there is not
  enough information given to answer this question   
\end{enumerate}

\item When light passes you, the number of crests that pass per second is called the $\ldots\ldots$ of the wave.
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  wavelength 
\correctitem{  frequency }
\item  amplitude 
\item  period 
\end{enumerate}

\item What kinds of particles comprise the nucleus of an atom?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  electrons and protons 
\correctitem{  protons and neutrons  }
\item  electrons and neutrons 
\item  none of these
\end{enumerate}

\item Human body temperature is about 310 K.  At what wavelength is most of the light we emit?
\begin{enumerate} 
\item  radio 
\correctitem{  infrared }
\item  visible 
\item  x-ray 
\item  gamma ray
\end{enumerate}

\item A star emits light with a blackbody spectrum and a peak wavelength of $3\times10^3$ nm. What is the temperature of the star's surface?
\begin{enumerate}
   
\item  100 K 
\correctitem{  1,000 K }
\item  3,000 K 
\item  10,000 K 
\item  30,000 K
\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate}

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